Certified Pediatric Emergency Nurse (CPEN) Practice Exam

Shock in children is classified primarily into four categories: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive.

Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluids, which can result from conditions such as dehydration, hemorrhage, or severe burns. This type of shock is the most common in pediatric populations, often presenting in cases of trauma or gastrointestinal fluid loss.

Cardiogenic shock arises from the heart's inability to pump effectively, which can be due to congenital heart defects or acquired conditions such as myocarditis. In children, the heart's function is critically important, and any impairment can lead to inadequate tissue perfusion.

Distributive shock, which includes septic shock, is characterized by severe vasodilation and a relative hypovolemia despite normal or increased cardiac output. This can occur due to infections, anaphylaxis, or neurogenic causes and affects the distribution of blood flow within the body.

Obstructive shock results from physical obstructions to blood flow, such as tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, or pulmonary embolism. This type can cause significant challenges in maintaining adequate circulation and oxygen delivery to tissues.

This classification system helps healthcare providers identify the underlying cause of shock,